Imishini yokomisa i-vacuum iza ngezinhlobo eziningi, inezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza, futhi ithuthuka ngokushesha. Lesi sihloko sigxile ekuthuthukisweni kwasekhaya nakwamanye amazwe kwezinhlobo eziningana zemishini yokomisa i-vacuum, okuhloswe ngayo ukwenza lula ukushintshaniswa kolwazi, ukuhlonza izinselele okudingeka zibhekwane nazo ekuthuthukisweni kwemishini yokumisa i-vacuum, kanye nokwenza ngcono izinga lemishini yokumisa i-vacuum ezweni lami.
Ukomisa nge-vacuum kunezinzuzo eziningi: ukomisa ngengcindezi ephansi kubangela okuqukethwe kwe-oxygen encane, ukuvimbela i-oxidation kanye nokuwohloka kwezinto ezomisiwe, nokuvumela ukomiswa kwezinto eziyingozi ezivuthayo neziqhuma; ivumela ukuhwamuka komswakama emazingeni okushisa aphansi, okwenza kube lula ukomisa ukushisa-izinto ezizwelayo; ingakwazi ukubuyisela izingxenye ezibalulekile neziwusizo ezintweni ezomisiwe; futhi ingavimbela ukukhishwa kwezinto ezinobuthi neziyingozi ezintweni ezomisiwe, okwenza kube indlela yokomisa "eluhlaza" enobungani bemvelo. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokomisa i-vacuum kuya ngokuya kwanda.
Okubi okuyinhloko kokumisa i-vacuum isidingo sesistimu ye-vacuum ekwazi ukudonsa umhwamuko wamanzi, okuholela ekutshalweni kwemishini ephezulu kanye nezindleko zokusebenza; kanye nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza okuphansi kanye nokukhipha okuncane. Ososayensi nonjiniyela abaningi baye benza imizamo emikhulu ukuze banqobe la maphutha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngenxa yezinzuzo eziningi zokumisa i-vacuum, eminye imikhiqizo kufanele isebenzise imishini yokomisa i-vacuum. Ngakho-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokomisa i-vacuum kunekusasa elithembisayo.
1. Ukuthuthukiswa Okungalingani Kwezisetshenziswa Zokomisa I-Vacuum Eziqhubekayo Ekhaya Nakwamanye Amazwe
Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhishwa kwemishini kanye nokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zemishini yokumisa i-vacuum eqhubekayo zathuthukiswa phesheya eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule. Kodwa-ke, e-China, ngenxa yemikhawulo ezingeni lezobuchwepheshe kanye nombono womphakathi, intuthuko ibihamba kancane.
1) Ibhande{1}}lohlobo lwesisetshenziswa Esiqhubekayo Sokomisa I-Vacuum
Ibhande le-WL-Ibhande le-VAQ-lohlobo oluqhubekayo lwezinto zokomisa i-vacuum ezikhiqizwa yi-Hisaka Works, Japan, lifanele ukomisa izinto eziwuketshezi, ama-slurries, ama-paste,{2}}nokugxiliswa okuphezulu{3}}nezinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-viscosity eziphezulu. I-BV-ibhande le-vacuum elingu-100.5{8}}lohlobo lwedivayisi yokomisa eqhubekayo ekhiqizwa yi-Okawara Corporation, e-Japan, lisebenzisa isitimu nokushisisa nge-conduction, ngezinga lokushisa elilungisekayo esigabeni ngasinye kanye nokushuba kwebhande le-conveyor elilungisekayo kanye nesivinini. I-Bucher-I-Guyer AG yase-Switzerland ithuthukise uchungechunge lwezisetshenziswa eziqhubekayo zokumisa i-vacuum zohlobo lwebhande ezinomshini wokuhlanza ozenzakalelayo.
Kusukela ngo-1995, inkampani ibizibandakanya ekwakhiweni, ekukhiqizeni, ekufakeni, nasensizakalweni{1}}yohlobo lwempahla eqhubekayo yokomisa i-vacuum, futhi ubuchwepheshe bayo sebuvuthiwe. Imishini yasekhaya yokomisa i-vacuum yebhande eqhubekayo ayijwayelekile. Ngo-2004, i-Guangdong Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences yenza ngempumelelo -idivayisi yokuhlola esezingeni elincane yokomisa impushana kabhanana, eyabonisa imiphumela emihle kakhulu.
2) Isisetshenziswa Esiqhubekayo Sokomisa I-Vacuum Yezinhlamvu
Ukomisa okusanhlamvu kuhilela amanani amakhulu, okudinga imishini yokomisa eqhubekayo. Ngaphambilini, amazwe amaningi asungula imishini ehlukahlukene yokomisa okusanhlamvu, kodwa ukomiswa kwezinhlamvu ngevacuum kwakusetshenziselwa ukomiswa kwembewu ngenxa yezindleko eziphezulu. Nokho, lokhu kuwumbono oyiphutha. Ngokusho kukaNjiniyela Omkhulu u-He Xiang ovela e-Zhengzhou Grain Science Research and Design Institute, imishini yabo eqhubekayo yokumisa ivacuum yommbila inamandla okukhiqiza angama-60 t/d. Utshalomali olungaguquki luphakeme kancane kunokomiswa komoya oshisayo, kodwa izindleko zokusebenza ziyaqhathaniswa. Uma kucatshangelwa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo omisiwe, okuhlanganisa izinga lokuphuka kanye nezinga lokuqhekeka phakathi nenqubo yokomisa, izindleko eziphelele zokumisa i-vacuum emazingeni okushisa aphansi aziphakeme kunokomisa komoya oshisayo.
3) I-Vacuum Freeze Eqhubekayo-Izisetshenziswa Zokomisa
Ngobuningi bezinto ezingavuthiwe zokudla, umthamo wokukhiqiza wemikhiqizo efriziwe-mkhulu kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, ukumisa ukudla okuqhubekayo{2}}impahla yokomisa yavela ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngo-1985, inkampani yase-Danish i-ATLAS yakhiqiza i-CONRAD-800 into eqhubekayo yokumisa{7}}imishini yokumisa{13}}yekhofi elomisayo, enamandla okukhiqiza amathani angu-13 ngosuku. Umfanekiso 2 ukhombisa umdwebo wohlelo lwale mishini. Umfanekiso wesi-3 ubonisa umshini wokumisa iqhwa oqhubekayo okhiqizwa eJalimane.
Eyokuqala ekhiqizwe ekhaya eqhubekayo yokumisa i-vacuum{0}}imishini yokomisa yathuthukiswa ngempumelelo yi-Shenyang Refrigeration Technology Research Institute ngo-2000. Igumbi levacuum lamukela isakhiwo esiwunxande, elinamapuleti okuhlukanisa phakathi kwegumbi lokungena/okuphumayo kanye negumbi lokomisa. Kokubili indawo yokungena neyokuphuma ifakwe amasistimu okukala azenzakalelayo ukuze kunqunywe izinga lokumisa, izinga lokukhishwa kwamanzi, kanye nedigri yokugcina yokomisa yokufriza{3}kokudla okomile. Izicupho ezimbili zamanzi zangaphandle zisebenza ngokushintshana ukuze kuzuzwe ukucushwa kwamanzi okuqhubekayo nokuncibilika kweqhwa.
Kunegebe elibonakalayo kumthamo wokuthengisa wezinto zokumisa{0}}zokomisa eziqhubekayo phakathi kwezimakethe zasekhaya nezamazwe ngamazwe. Kusukela ngo-1985 kuya ku-1990, inkampani yase-Danish i-ATLAS yathengisa amayunithi okomisa angu-18 aqhubekayo-, enye yawo yathengwa yi-Taiwan, kuyilapho i-China yase-mainland ayikalethi lolu hlobo lwesisetshenziswa, futhi iyunithi eyodwa ekhiqizwa ekhaya ayikathengiswa.
2. Izinhlobonhlobo zemishini yokumisa i-vacuum ziyanda ngaphakathi nangaphandle.
Izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezintsha nezihlukile zemishini yokumisa i-vacuum zenzelwe izinjongo ezahlukahlukene.
1) Imishini yokumisa i-Microwave vacuum yonga amandla futhi inyusa isivinini sokumisa.
2) Iqhwa lokufutha-impahla yokomisa ihlanganisa ukufutha kanye nokumisa{2}}ukomisa, okunqunywa izici zento kanye nesivuno somkhiqizo. Okubalulekile kufanele kube udaka oluwuketshezi, olwakha izinhlayiya zesilinganiso esincane- kanye ne-nano{5}}emva kokuqandisa kwesifutho, okwandisa izinga lokumisa nokuthuthukisa isivuno somkhiqizo.
3) I-vacuum vapor-izinto zokomisa isigaba zisetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ukomisa uwoyela omkhulu{2}}ama-transformer acwilisiwe nezinye izisetshenziswa zikagesi ezifanayo. ISwitzerland yathuthukisa lo mkhiqizo ngawo-1970. izwe lami lethule le mishini ngeminyaka yawo-1980, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka yawo-1990, ubuchwepheshe sebufaniswa kakhulu, futhi amasethi aphelele emishini manje angakhiqizwa ekhaya.
4) -Izisetshenziswa zokomisa zaselabhorethri ezincane{2}}: Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zezikole nezikhungo zocwaningo, -imishini yokumisa yaselabhorethri emincane emincane{4}}enemisebenzi ehlukene iye yathuthukiswa ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Izibalo 4-7 zibonisa ezimbalwa ezimbalwa ezincane-zezindawo zokomisa ilabhorethri{9}}ezikhiqizwe u-MartinChrist wase-Germany, ezincane ngosayizi, ezilula ngesisindo, futhi{11}}ezisebenzayo{11}eziningi. Bangakwazi ukuhlangabezana nezivivinyo zokumisa iqhwa zezinto ezihlukahlukene. Abakhiqizi abaningana basekhaya, njenge-Haimen Light Industry Machinery Factory No{13}}, sebeqalile ukuhlanganisa nokwethula imiklamo, bakha imikhiqizo emisha, nakuba ukusebenza kwabo kungakazinzi ngokwanele.
Isistimu-yegumbi elilodwa
Ezimweni ze-aseptic, kokubili{0}}ukubanda nokomisa kwenziwa egunjini lokufingqa.
Isistimu-yegumbi elikabili
Ngaphambi-ukubanda kwenziwa-kusiqandisi esinezinga lokushisa eliphansi noma isiqandisi esijikelezayo, futhi ukomisa kwenziwa ekamelweni lokumisa ngaphezu kwegumbi lokujiya.
5) Friza-uhlobo lokuhlukanisa lokuhlukanisa uhlobo lwemithi{2}}umshini wokomisa
Iziqandisi zokudla{0}}zihlukanisa ukuqandisa nokomisa ukuze zonge amandla, zonge isikhathi, futhi zandise isivuno. Izithako zokomisa imithi zendabuko{2}}ziqeda ukuqandisa kanye nokomisa emshinini ngesinyathelo esisodwa. Ezinye izinkampani eNtshonalanga Yurophu nase-United States, ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo ezifanayo njengokumisa ukudla-ukumisa,{5}}ngaphambi{5}}kufrize imithi bese uyithumela endaweni yokomisa ukuze yomiswe. Umfanekiso 8 ubonisa isithombe sedivayisi eqhubekayo yokuqandisa{8}yesidakamizwa.
3. Imisebenzi yemishini yokomisa i-vacuum iyakhula.
Ngokuthuthuka kobuchwepheshe be-elekthronikhi nobuchwepheshe bekhompyutha, amasistimu okulawula kanye nemisebenzi yokubonisa yemishini yokumisa i-vacuum ngokuvamile iye yanda. Imishini yokomisa i-corn vacuum eyakhiwe yi-Zhengzhou Grain Science Research Institute inokulawula okuzenzakalelayo kanye nemisebenzi yokulingisa isikrini; i-vacuum freeze dryer ekhiqizwa abakhiqizi abafana ne-Shanghai Dongfulong ne-Beijing Suyuan banemisebenzi eminingi ehlanganisa ukumisa{1}}ukunqunywa kwendawo yokugcina, ukumisa{2}}idizayini yokomisa ijika, ukuqapha isimo sokusebenza, ukugcinwa kwamajika amaningi okufriza{3}, nokuphrinta ulwazi lokukhiqiza.
Imishini yokumisa i-vacuum yangaphandle ngokuvamile inemisebenzi eminingi, eminingi yayo ehlanganisa izingalo zerobhothi ukuze kuthathwe amasampula kanye nokuhlolwa phakathi nenqubo yokomisa; ezinye izinto zokumisa i-vacuum ezijikelezayo zinemisebenzi yokuchoboza kanye ne-granulation; okomisa imithi{0}}kungenza futhi imbudumbudu.
4. Imibono eminingana mayelana Nokuthuthukiswa Kwezisetshenziswa Zokumisa Ngevacuum
1) Ukuqamba okusha kuyindlela eyisisekelo yokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokumisa i-vacuum
Njengamanje, ukuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokomisa i-vacuum kuhamba kancane. Isizathu esisodwa esibalulekile ukulingisa okufanayo, okuholela ekumeni ezingeni elifanayo lobuchwepheshe kanye nokuntuleka kokusungula izinto ezintsha. Kukhona umthamo oqinile kanye nesivinini ekulingiseni, kodwa umqondo obuthakathaka wokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokutshalwa kwezimali okwanele. Ukuncintisana kugxile ekwabelaneni kwemakethe, ubudlelwano bokwakha, kanye nezimpi zamanani. Indlela engcono kakhulu ibandakanya umzamo othile ngekhwalithi nangemuva{4}}ngesevisi yokuthengisa. Nokho, lezi akuzona izindlela ezinhle zokuthuthukisa imishini yokumisa i-vacuum; ukutshalwa kwezimali kwezinsiza zabantu, izinto zokwakha, kanye nezezimali kuyadingeka ukuze kuqalwe izinto ezintsha.
2) Ukonga amandla kuyisihluthulelo sokuthuthukiswa kwemishini yokumisa i-vacuum
Ukushoda kwamandla sekudonse ukunaka emhlabeni wonke. Umcabango wendabuko uphethe ukuthi imishini yokumisa i-vacuum idla amandla amaningi ngoba idinga iphampu ye-vacuum. Kodwa-ke, kukhona ukuntuleka kokuqhathaniswa kokusetshenziswa kwamandla kwangempela kokumisa into efanayo kumswakama ofanayo. Eqinisweni, ukomiswa kwe-vacuum kukomisa{3}}kumazinga okushisa aphansi endaweni evaliwe, okuholela ekumosheni kwamandla okuncane. Noma kunjalo, ukonga amandla emishinini yokomisa i-vacuum kusalokhu kubalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwakho. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zemishini yokomisa, ukugxilwa kokonga amandla emishinini yokomisa i-vacuum kufanele kube ekwakhiweni okunengqondo, ukukhetha, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesistimu yesikhala.
Awekho amasistimu evacuum amaningi akwazi ukumpompa umhwamuko wamanzi. Njengamanje, kunezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko: eyodwa amaphampu akwazi ukumpompa ngokuqondile umhwamuko wamanzi, ikakhulukazi ahlanganisa amaphampu ejethi yamanzi, amaphampu ejethi yesitimu, amaphampu eringi yamanzi, namaphampu e-Roots amanzi; enye isebenzisa ukujiya ukuze ibambe amanzi. Zombili izindlela zingamandla-uma kuqhathaniswa. Isiqondiso sokonga amandla kwangaphambili kufanele kube ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokumpompa kwepompo; isiqondiso sokonga amandla kulokhu kwakamuva ukuklama izakhiwo nokusebenza kahle kwe-thermal kwamadivayisi afana negesi-isigaba esiqinile sokushintsha ukushisa. 3) okokusebenza kokumisa i-vacuum okuqhubekayo kuyindlela ebalulekile yokwandisa umkhiqizo womkhiqizo nokonga amandla.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nemishini yokumisa i-vacuum ye-vacuum eqhubekayo, imishini yokomisa i-vacuum eqhubekayo idinga isikhathi esincane sokusiza, ukonga isikhathi nokwanda kokukhiphayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokungafani nemishini yokomisa i-vacuum ye-batch, ayidingi izinga lokushisa lemishini ukuthi liguquguquke ngomjikelezo ngamunye wokukhiqiza, ngaleyo ndlela kugwenywe ukumosheka kwamandla ngenxa yokushisisa okuphindaphindiwe kwezingxenye zemishini. Ngakho-ke, konga amandla.
I-4) Ukuhlanganisa imishini yokomisa i-vacuum nezinye izindlela zokomisa kuyindlela yokukhiqiza okufanele ikhuthazwe.
Ukuhlanganisa ukomiswa kwe-vacuum nezinye izindlela zokomisa kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza futhi kunciphise izindleko zomkhiqizo. Isibonelo, emikhiqizweni efana nemifino, imikhiqizo yasemanzini, nezithelo, ukomiswa kwe-vacuum kungaqinisekisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo. Uma, ngemva kokuhlanzwa nokufakwa kwe-blanching, imikhiqizo ifakwa phakathi ukuze isuse amanzi angaphezulu bese yomiswa ngomoya obandayo ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe kumshini wokumisa i-vacuum, ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kokukhiqiza kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza ezincishisiwe zingafinyelelwa. Ukuhlanganisa ukomiswa kwesifutho kanye nokumisa{3}}ukomisa nakho kuyinhlanganisela enjalo.
Izindlela eziningi ezifanayo zokuhlanganiswa zingatholakala ngokuhlolwa, nakuba lokhu kuzodinga isikhathi esiningi, umzamo, nezinsiza zezimali.
5. Isiphetho
Imishini yokumisa i-vacuum ihlale isungulwa. Nokho, kusenezinkinga eziningi. Uma izimboni, izifundiswa, kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo zingabambisana eduze, imiphumela izobaluleka nakakhulu.